The supreme leader has complete control of the society. The government owns all the major businesses and runs them in the name of the people.
Religious worship is discouraged: No party member belongs to a religious organization. The prisons are filled with political prisoners. Case 2: The supreme leader of Railkine makes most political decisions and heads the armed forces. The Assembly of Religious Leaders elects him from the clergy and may remove him. It also approves all candidates running for parliament. The assembly may also veto laws passed by parliament if they go against religious law.
The supreme leader has outlawed political parties, closed newspapers, imprisoned dissenters, banned other religions, suppressed minorities, put requirements on how women should dress, and even outlawed dancing. The supreme leader is building up the military and neighboring countries fear that Railkine will invade and impose its form of government.
Case 3: New Sed is a country with a parliament and a strong tradition of political and religious freedom. In the last 40 years, the Accolade Party has won election after election. This party has built good schools and a strong social safety net for all its people. The safety net includes a government-run health system, a high minimum wage, generous unemployment insurance, retirement pensions for all, and other benefits.
It has enacted strict regulations on businesses. The government has a small military. Taxes are very high. Alumni Volunteers The Boardroom Alumni. Curriculum Materials. Add Event. Main Menu Home. Even so, they tend to agree on its common characteristics such as: Absolute Power of the State: Fascist regimes have a strong centralized state, or national government. The fascist state seeks total control over all major parts of society.
Individuals must give up their private needs and rights to serve the needs of the whole society as represented by the state. Rule by a Dictator: A single dictator runs the fascist state and makes all the important decisions. This leader often uses charisma, a magnetic personality, to gain the support of the people.
Corporatism: Fascists believe in taming capitalism by controlling labor and factory owners. Unions, strikes, and other labor actions are illegal. Although private property remains, the state controls the economy. They typically strengthen and unify the dominant group in a nation while stifling dissent and persecuting minority groups.
Militarism and Imperialism: Fascists believe that great nations show their greatness by conquering and ruling weak nations. Fascists believe the state can survive only if it successfully proves its military superiority in war. Il Duce at War Mussolini agreed with Gentile that the strong nations of the world had a natural right to subdue and rule the weak.
His declaration of war on Britain and France in June exposed Italian military weakness and was followed by a series of defeats in North and East Africa and the Balkans. In July , Allied troops landed in Sicily. Mussolini was overthrown and imprisoned by his former colleagues in the Fascist government.
In September, Italy signed an armistice with the Allies. The German army began the occupation of Italy and Mussolini was rescued by German commandos. He was installed as the leader of a new government, but had little power. As the Allies advanced northwards through Italy, Mussolini fled towards Switzerland. He was captured by Italian partisans and shot on 28 April A strongman who had seized power in Italy in , then in the midst of its post-World War I troubles, he had restored order, ended partisan squabbling, and built Italy up into a respected military power.
He had a party behind him, of course, the Fascists, and he could call on squads of tough guys in blackshirt uniform Camicie Nere to beat down his opponents. A detailed structure of fascist rule existed on paper, with a Grand Council to which the government was supposed to report and a Chamber of Deputies which made law, but in fact Italy was Mussolini's personal playground, and his own power nearly absolute.
News photos regularly showed him in a position of command, riding on horseback, flying an airplane, or driving a high-performance race car. He would strip to the waist to address farmers in the hot sun or pose wrestling with a lion cub.
Stories circulated in Italy to reinforce the image. The Duce, it was said, could recite cantos of Dante from memory. He worked all night in his office and the office lights were cleverly left on so that Italians could imagine him hard at work at am.
American razor blades, it was said, were inadequate to cut his tough beard. It was even forbidden to publish a picture of him smiling or to print the word DUCE in anything but uppercase letters. Yes, there were achievements of a sort.
In February he signed a Concordat with the Vatican, the Lateran Treaty, which brought to an end the hostility between the Church and the Italian government that dated back to , when the Italian state had seized the Papal States. The stagnant economy received a great deal of attention, with a number of well-publicized public works projects to create jobs, including a huge effort to drain the Pontine Marshes outside of Rome.
The economy was based on a system he called corporatism: Italian economic life was organized into 22 corporations, representing all industries in a major area of production, like agriculture or metallurgy, from raw materials through production to distribution. Containing both labor and management, their task was to negotiate labor settlements. If they couldn't, they submitted to binding government arbitration. Order was restored to Italian economic life, and old days of strikes and factory occupations were ended.
But of course, almost all of this was mythological--unreal! The abolition of unions and the loss of the strike weapon were devastating blows to Italian labor, from which management clearly benefited.
However, the living standard of the working majority fell; the average Italian worker's income amounted to one-half of that of a worker in France, one-third of that of a worker in England, and one-fourth of that of a worker in America. As national leader, Mussolini offered no solutions for Italy's problems.
He surrounded himself with ambitious and greedy people and let them bleed Italy dry while his secret agents gathered information on opponents.
In economic depression a decline in the production of goods because of a decline in demand, accompanied by rising unemployment arrived in Italy. Mussolini reacted at first with a public works program but soon shifted to foreign adventure. The Ethiopian War was planned to direct attention away from internal problems. The "Italian Empire," Mussolini's creation, was announced in The Spanish intervention, in which Mussolini aided Francisco Franco — in Spain's civil war, followed but had no benefit for Italy.
Mussolini then joined forces with German dictator Adolf Hitler — and in began to attack Jewish people within the country just as Germany was doing. As the s ended, Mussolini was losing all his support within Italy. The outbreak of World War II —45 left Mussolini an unimportant figure in world politics, and he worried that Hitler would redraw the map of Europe without him. He decided "to make war at any cost. Mussolini lacked all of these. Nonetheless, in he pushed Italy into war against the will of the people, ignoring the only meaningful lesson of World War I: the United States alone had decided that conflict, and therefore America, not Germany, was the most important power.
In —41 Mussolini's armies, badly supplied and poorly led, suffered defeats from Europe across the Mediterranean to the African continent. Italy lost its war in ; Mussolini's power collapsed six months later. Restored as Hitler's puppet in northern Italy in , he drove Italy deeper into invasion, occupation, and civil war during and The end approached, but Mussolini struggled to survive.
He was finally executed by a firing squad on April 28, , at Dongo in Como province. Cassels, Alan. Mussolini's Early Diplomacy. Kirkpatrick, Ivone. Mussolini: A Study in Power.
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