In July , Allied troops landed in Sicily. Mussolini was overthrown and imprisoned by his former colleagues in the Fascist government. In September, Italy signed an armistice with the Allies. The German army began the occupation of Italy and Mussolini was rescued by German commandos.
He was installed as the leader of a new government, but had little power. As the Allies advanced northwards through Italy, Mussolini fled towards Switzerland. He was captured by Italian partisans and shot on 28 April Search term:. Capitalism depends on private property, employer-owned competing enterprises, and the profit motive. Socialism envisions a society in which the workers jointly own the economic means of production factories, farms, etc.
They negotiated wages and working conditions with each other. In practice, however, the employers usually benefited more than the workers did. The Jewish population of Italy was small, and neither Mussolini nor most other Italians were very anti-Semitic anti-Jewish. Even so, Il Duce came increasingly under the influence of Hitler in the late s. Mussolini finally agreed to anti-Semitic decrees such as banning Jews from certain occupations.
While Italians hid many Jews, Mussolini did nothing to stop the Nazi deportations. His charismatic style of leadership convinced many that Italy was on a path to greatness. When the Great Depression hit Italy after , Mussolini acted quickly and boldly with a large program of public construction projects, which put many jobless Italians back to work.
Mussolini agreed with Gentile that the strong nations of the world had a natural right to subdue and rule the weak. Mussolini glorified military values like physical strength, discipline, obedience, and courage. In , Mussolini ordered the invasion of Ethiopia, a poor African country that had once humiliated Italy in battle.
Seeking revenge, Mussolini used planes, artillery, and poison gas against tribesmen with old muskets. Mussolini announced to cheering crowds that the Roman Empire was back. Mussolini, however, delayed joining Hitler until Nazi troops were just about to defeat France in June Mussolini then decided to invade Greece. But his army was beaten badly and had to be rescued by German troops.
The harsh winter and Soviet guerilla fighters killed huge numbers of German and Italian soldiers. The Italian people had had enough and abandoned Il Duce. King Victor Emmanuel ordered the arrest and imprisonment of Mussolini after his own Grand Council voted for him to resign. German commandos, however, helped him escape to Germany. Mussolini returned to Italy and established a new fascist regime in the north near Milan, an area that the Germans had occupied.
But he was merely a puppet of the Nazis. When the Allies neared Milan, Mussolini tried to escape. But anti-fascist Italian fighters captured and shot him on April 28, Mussolini inspired others to develop their own versions of fascism. In , Francisco Franco established the Spanish state with some fascist elements.
Other fascist or fascist-like regimes rose and fell in Japan, Argentina, South Africa, Greece, and Iraq among other countries. Fascist movements took root even in democracies.
Today, variations of fascism live on in a number of military dictatorships around the world. These groups typically preach ultranationalism and spew hatred of racial or ethnic minorities. While the idea of a unified nation under a fascist state probably died with Mussolini, the extreme racist forms of fascism, empowered by the Internet, are alive and well throughout the world. On July 25, , Mussolini was voted out of power by his own Grand Council, arrested after a visit with the king and sent to the island of La Maddalena.
When Italy accepted the terms of secret peace talks with the Allies, Hitler ordered German forces into Italy, which resulted in two Italian nations, one occupied by Germans.
Allied forces barreled through Italy in June Mussolini attempted to flee to Spain with his lover, Claretta Petacci, but was discovered and arrested by partisans searching troop transport trucks. There are conflicting stories about how Mussolini died, but autopsy reports state the dictator was executed by firing squad on April 28, , shot by soldiers firing several bullets—with four of them near the heart—causing immediate death.
The bodies of both Mussolini and Petacci were hung upside down at the Piazzale Loreto in Milan and displayed for crowds to kick and spit on. One day later, Hitler committed suicide and the following week, Germany surrendered. The government recovered it and interred it in a monastery near Milan. The American diplomat who handed it to her claimed that the Americans had taken the brain in order to study what makes a dictator.
She had the relic placed in his tomb, which receives , visitors a year. Ray Moseley. Jasper Ridley. Rupert Colley. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Mussolini had a penchant for violence even as a youth. Born on July 29, , Mussolini gained a reputation for bullying and fighting during his childhood.
At age 10 he was expelled from a religious boarding school for stabbing a classmate in the hand, and another stabbing The instability created in Europe by the First World War set the stage for another international conflict—World War II—which broke out two decades later and would prove even more devastating.
Rising to power in an economically and politically unstable Germany, Adolf There are industrialists who were a big part of fascism's rise in the North. There's the church, which for 40 years by this point had sat in sullen exile hating the state. There's this whole tension between fascist unions that had arisen but were their own power center. Things start getting more and more radical. Mussolini's regime changed the electoral law in , making it more lopsided in a way that favored the fascists.
Under the Acerbo Law, the party with the largest share of votes automatically received two-thirds of the seats in Parliament.
During this election process, a socialist journalist and prominent name in politics, Giacomo Matteotti , was kidnapped and murdered. And when they don't, and I think a lot of scholars would say it, at that moment, his power is still not absolute, but it becomes much stronger and more entrenched. So throughout the rest of the '20s, the fascist movement gets more and more powerful. It starts trying to penetrate everyday life. There's all these women auxiliaries, there's this [children's group] that's a little bit like the Hitler Youth that gets formed.
Things radicalize a lot in The depression just wrecks Italy like everywhere else. Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler were soon in power simultaneously, and Hitler always viewed Mussolini as "the founder of Fascism International," while Mussolini was far more ambivalent towards the German dictator. He views them as Johnny-come-latelies.
He's angry that other fascists are beginning to look at Germany as a model instead of Italy. The two countries are allies during the war, although their relationship mostly involves Germany saving Italy from failed invasions.
By the middle of the war, Italy switches sides.
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